Basalt fibre

Fibre drawn from molten glass, the most widely used reinforcement for polymer composites. Different formulations, such as E-glass, E-CR glass, S-glass and AR glass, balance cost, strength, electrical performance and chemical resistance. It is the standard reinforcement in GRP laminates, including liquid applied GRP flat roofing systems.

The standard general purpose grade of glass fibre, originally developed for electrical insulation applications, hence the E designation. It accounts for the great majority of glass reinforcement used in composites and its composition is defined in standards such as ASTM D578.

A high strength grade of glass fibre based on a magnesium aluminosilicate composition, offering greater tensile strength and stiffness than E-glass. It is specified where performance justifies its higher cost, notably in aerospace, defence and demanding industrial applications. The comparable European family is generally designated R-glass.

Plant derived fibres such as flax, hemp, jute and sisal used to reinforce polymer composites. They offer low density, renewable sourcing and good vibration damping, at the cost of moisture sensitivity and greater property variability than synthetic fibres. They are established in automotive interior panels and are increasingly specified in marine, sporting and construction products.