LEED

A UK-originated environmental assessment and certification scheme for buildings and infrastructure (Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method), rating performance across areas such as energy, materials, water, waste and ecology. Product-level evidence such as environmental product declarations and responsible sourcing certification can contribute to a project's assessment.

An independently verified document that reports the environmental impacts of a product, based on a life cycle assessment carried out to agreed product category rules. For construction products, EPDs are typically produced to EN 15804, giving specifiers comparable data on embodied carbon and other impact categories.

The effect whereby built-up areas are noticeably warmer than the surrounding countryside, because dark, dense surfaces absorb and re-radiate solar energy while there is less vegetation and evaporative cooling. Roofing measures such as reflective cool roof surfaces and green roofs are used to mitigate it.